(from 1500 on almost 1/3 of the population moving around the planet)
Boxer points out opposite policies in Spain and Portugal
2 - Exceptions
Orfãs d'El Rey (homeless girls married to expatriates (husbands getting jobs, lands,...) India, Zambezia
Family emig - Angola - later on, Hawaii
3 - Clandestine exodus... (men and women, as well) - 1/3 of total
Limitation or repression of emig - more so fem. emig, increasing by the begggining of the XX century (30% W)
Experts, polititians, E Silva, Aff Costa; depreciation of the emig phenomenon
(public interest: savings, return os expatriates - both diminishing with family mig)
4 - Feminisation of emig - new increase - in the 70's, 50% (gas crisis)
Risks . dependence on husbands, unemployment, isolatio
Double discrimination - men and w of host country/ emig men
(diverse circunstances - generally: acess to labour market, emancipation (compare to non emig port w...)
Awareness of individual rights and social causes, new ways to be W (mother, wife, citizem worker
they benefict from more equality, in family and society
Contributors, econ ,well-being culture. integration whole family
(port: propensity to adapt, to imitate, to respect other ways; in Rome, be roman)
5 - Port communities . network of association
(propensity to create associations)
W - change of nature in the assoc... culture, traditions, seats of community life . invisible, but influent - extension of portuguese society. extra territorial phen..
6 - 2 Worlds. 2 rates of progress
Mixed assoc - fem assoc Deluting in the futur?
7 - New fem emig
Independent, educated
8 - Fem emig - unknown History. History in the making
9 - E Lourenço; generation of winners
Fem emig Double winners
as emig
as Women
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